Referendum of 2006 (Construction of locks on the Panama Canal)
On October 22, 2006 a referendum was held for citizens to either approve or refuse the construction of a third set of locks on the Panama Canal. According to Article 325 of the Constitution, any proposed construction of this type has to be approved by the executive and the legislative body. Once the decision was approved by the legislature, the decision was submitted to a national referendum. According to the Electoral Tribunal, 76.3% of the voters supported the construction and 21.8% rejected it. A total of 40% of the electorate participated in the referendum.
Institutional design
Formalization: is the innovation embedded in the constitution or legislation, in an administrative act, or not formalized at all?
Frequency: how often does the innovation take place: only once, sporadically, or is it permanent or regular?
Mode of Selection of Participants: is the innovation open to all participants, access is restricted to some kind of condition, or both methods apply?
Type of participants: those who participate are individual citizens, civil society organizations, private stakeholders or a combination of those?
Decisiveness: does the innovation takes binding, non-binding or no decision at all?
Co-governance: is there involvement of the government in the process or not?
- Formalization
- embedded in the constitution/legislation
- Frequency
- single
- Mode of selection of participants
- open
- Type of participants
- citizens
- Decisiveness
- democratic innovation yields a binding decision
- Co-Governance
- yes
Means
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Ends
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